星期一, 2月 08, 2010

Momentum in stock market

這是另一篇更無聊的討論,主要想釐清為什麼股價(或資產價格)有momentum?momentum的意思是股價前後期呈正相關,當第t期股價上漲(下跌),第t+1期股價也傾向於上漲(下跌)。更嚴謹一點說,學術上通常定義momentum為:winner will be winner。亦即過去一段期間outperform的股票,未來一段期間也贏過大盤的機率較高,反之輸家持續為輸家。因此當股價存在momentum,我們就可以靠追漲殺跌賺錢,或buy winner, sell loser套利。

在Fama提出效率市場之初,學術界普遍不相信成熟的資本市場存在momentum,道理很簡單:若buy winner, sell loser策略可以賺到錢,那大家全都這麼做的結果就足以使momentum strategy無利可圖,momentum也因此消失。但這種典型觀點無法說服基金經理人及分析師,這與他們的經驗不符,事實上他們嚴重依賴股價及盈餘的momentum過活。1993年起,學術界開始發現momentum的證據,於是此後爭辯的焦點從「momentum存不存在?」逐漸轉變為「是什麼造成momentum?」十幾年來替momentum提出的解釋琳瑯滿目,但基本上可區分為兩類:1. momentum是一個risk factor,故它享有的是風險性溢酬,即表面上較高報酬其實是承擔較高風險的結果;2. momentum由某種因素產生,其超額報酬之所以無法消除是因為存在套利成本(價格風險、限制)。這兩者都說明沒有白吃的午餐,報酬總是伴隨著風險在那兒,不同的是「風險因子說」隱含winner portfolio的風險本質上就高過loser,而後者則否。

要我說momentum是風險因子是一件很奇怪的事。市場報酬率之所以是風險因子,是因為投資股票的風險本來就大於無風險的公債,同理小型/價值股的經濟風險也高於大型/成長股。因此小型價值股的預期報酬率本來就應當反應「小型」、「價值」、及「股票」三因子的內含風險。但winner portfolio先天便存在更高的風險嗎?可能恰好相反。

許多技術分析交易策略都是順向操作,這種策略的勝率大多五成多,六成就算不錯了,但他們靠的是賺大賠小,即看錯的損失有限而猜對的獲利很高,相對於逆向策略得忍受被軋空殺多來說,風險其實比較小。即使winner portfolio的風險沒有比較低,也找不出任何經濟意涵證明其風險比較高。這是我認為momentum不是risk factor最主要的理由。

第二類說法呢可就多了。其中又可分為傳統理性及行為財務學上的解釋,前者如noise、uncertainty about fundamental、heterogeneity of belief or heterogeneous information;後者如information precision and diffusion、overconfident等。其中我認為最強力的解釋是:投資人間對後市看法的歧異性。歧異性愈高,momentum愈強。發生歧異的原因可能是每個人接收到相異的資訊、資訊的精確度(低)、每個人對資訊的解讀不同、太過相信自己(原來的信念)、雜訊(如傳言)或(景氣)未來的不確定性很高。你可以發現歧異性這道解釋幾乎把上述紛雜的各家理論都涵蓋了,可說它是最大的交集合。

問題是:momentum跟投資人間的歧異性有什麼關係呢?舉最近Apple推出新產品iPad這件事來說好了,有人看好,有人看衰,但看好的投資人多一些,因此買賣方在市場上角力的結果是股價上漲,但漲得沒(買方)預期得多。隨時間經過,當iPad銷售數據出來,對Apple的貢獻漸漸明朗化,市場看法也就愈趨於一致。若為正面,反應在股價行為就呈現連續性上揚,也就是momentum。假若最初市場一面倒認為iPad將大賣,那股價一瞬間就會被推上去(目標價)而吃掉momentum profit了。圖形上一條是正斜率曲線,一個是直角。其斜率取決於買賣方的相對力量大小,若力量相近(一半看多一半看空,表示市場歧異性高),斜率較小,momentum也愈強。

Momentum其實是投資人對股價under-react的結果。至於為什麼「調整不足」?上述傳統理性上的解釋隱含投資人依市場歧異性調整其風險貼水,當歧異性愈大,所要求的風險貼水愈高,便使股價對資訊的反應愈小。很容易理解,當9成賭盤押A球隊勝時A隊勝的期望機率比僅5成5賭盤押勝時高,因此儘管都站多數方(buy winner),後者(市場歧異)所要求的報酬率一定比前者高。由此momentum可視為是風險折價隨時間逐漸收斂的過程。而行為財務學上的解釋則認為投資人因過份重視自己的私有訊息或既有看法導致調整不足,當結果愈見明朗,股價便逐步反映至合理位置。

最後momentum還需要一個條件是「好消息伴隨好消息,壞消息伴隨壞消息」。當景氣基本面本身具momentum性質,而投資人又因為風險及判斷偏差而無法完全反映時,就產生了股價的momentum,而且難以經由套利消除。

語:話說這真是難寫的一篇文章,歷來相關的研究實在太多,其前因後果也很複雜,如果再討論時間因素—如抓取過去多久時間,展望未來多久時間對momentum effect的影響—那就更討人厭了。

9 則留言:

匿名 提到...

This is a good tip particularly to those fresh to the blogosphere.
Short but very precise info… Thank you for sharing
this one. A must read post!

My page ... air max 90 pas cherAir Max

匿名 提到...

Wonderful blog! I found it while surfing around on Yahoo
News. Do you have any tips on how to get listed in Yahoo News?

I've been trying for a while but I never seem to get there! Thanks

my web-site Air Jordan Femmenew jordans 2011

匿名 提到...

You could certainly see your skills within the article you write.
The sector hopes for even more passionate
writers such as you who are not afraid to mention how they believe.
All the time go after your heart.

My homepage: Air Jordan Pas Cherair jordan shoes

匿名 提到...

Today, I went to the beachfront with my children. I found a sea shell and gave it to my 4 year old
daughter and said "You can hear the ocean if you put this to your ear." She put the shell to her ear and screamed.
There was a hermit crab inside and it pinched her ear.
She never wants to go back! LoL I know this is completely off
topic but I had to tell someone!

Here is my webpage; www.Wheelhousebikes.com

匿名 提到...

We absolutely love your blog and find a lot of your post's to be just what I'm looking for.
Do you offer guest writers to write content available for you?

I wouldn't mind creating a post or elaborating on some of the subjects you write related to here. Again, awesome site!

Also visit my webpage Cheap NFL Jerseys

匿名 提到...

It's very trouble-free to find out any topic on web as compared to books, as I found this piece of writing at this web site.

my web site :: Louis Vuitton Bags

匿名 提到...

Great post. I was checking continuously this blog and I'm impressed! Very useful information specially the last part :) I care for such info much. I was looking for this certain information for a very long time. Thank you and good luck.

Take a look at my blog ... club soccer uniform

匿名 提到...

There is definately a great deal to know about this topic.
I really like all of the points you made.

Have a look at my webpage; Air Max 2013

大女人中的小女人 提到...

great explantion.

my company has several strategies related to factor investing, including momentum. If you are interested in attending a seminar we are going to hold in 6th Nov 2014 in Taipei, please let me invite you to come.

Berry